Learn Arabic Amman

The Vocative Particle

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<li><b style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">The Vocative Particle</b><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.5pt;">يا</span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">  </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">is limited for use with people only. The noun
it is used with becomes definite, and therefore would carry a short vowel, not
Nunation.</span></li>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;">                            </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"> <span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> يا استاذ ُ!</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>  O, professor!</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Venice; font-size: 24pt;">A Hundred and One Rules !</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt;">                                                Mohammed Jiyad</span></b></div>
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The Vocative Particle

The Vocative Particle يا is limited for use with people only. The noun it is used with be...

Possessive Pronouns

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<li><b>The Possessive pronouns</b> are suffixed to
nouns to express possession and, consequently, make them definite.</li>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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my
house, your (f) house, our house    <span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">، </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">بَيتي</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>، بَيتُ</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ك</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ِ </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>   بَيتُنا</span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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The following is
a list of the personal pronouns (singular 1-5 and      plural   6-10), and their
corresponding possessive ones:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;">                 </span><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">                  </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">       </span></span><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">      </span></span><br />
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Venice; font-size: 24pt;"> A Hundred and One Rules !</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt;">                                                Mohammed Jiyad</span></b></div>
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Possessive Pronouns

The Possessive pronouns are suffixed to nouns to express possession and, consequently, make them definite. my...

The Nisba

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<li><b style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">The Nisba</b><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"> is an adjective that is created from a noun. The most common are those that refer to origin, nationality or country. The main device for making such adjectives from nouns is to suffix</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">  </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">(</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.5pt;">يٌّ</span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">) for masculine and ( </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.5pt;">يَّة ٌ</span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span style="font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.5pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>) </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">for feminine to the noun. The noun must be first stripped off (a) the definite article,</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">  </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">(b) feminine suffix, or (c) final position long vowel.</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;">                        <b> a. <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">عراقيَّة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>،</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>  </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">عراقيٌّ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>،</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">العراق</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>)</span></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>                         b. <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">سعوديَّة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>،</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>  </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">سعوديٌّ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>،</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">السعودية</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>)<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b>                         c. <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">سوريَّة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>،</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>  </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">سوريٌّ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>،</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">سوريا</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>)<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Venice; font-size: 24pt;">A Hundred and One Rules !</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt;">                                                Mohammed Jiyad</span></b></div>
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The Nisba

The Nisba is an adjective that is created from a noun. The most common are those that refer to origin, nation...

Personal Pronouns

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<li><b>The Personal pronouns </b>are used to replace nouns. The following is a list of the singular (1-5) and plural forms (6-10):</li>
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<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"> <span lang="FA">. نحن</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>6      </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>. انا</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>1<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>.انتم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>7   </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>. انتَ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>2</span><br />
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<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>8.انتنََّ </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>   </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>. انتِ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>3</span><br />
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<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>. هُم</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> 9     </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>. هو</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>4<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>10. هُنَّ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;">  </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>. هي</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Venice; font-size: 24pt;">A Hundred and One Rules !</span></b></div>
<b style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Mohammed Jiyad                                               </span></b></div>
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Personal Pronouns

The Personal pronouns are used to replace nouns. The following is a list of the singular (1-5) and plural form...

The Feminine Marker

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<li><b>The Feminine Marker. </b>As in many other languages, any Arabic noun/adjective has to be either masculine or feminine. With few exceptions, the general rule is to suffix the Taa' MarbuTa (<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ـة/ة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>) </span>to the masculine noun/adjective forms to derive the feminine ones. Examples are:</li>
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<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>    </span>nouns  <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">استاذ/استاذة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>،</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">مراسل/مراسلة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>،</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">طالب/طالبة<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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adjectives  <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">قديم/قديمة، جميل/جميلة </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>،</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">جديد/جديدة</span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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However, you need to remember that the Taa' Marbuta (<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ـة/ة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>) </span>is used in certain ancient Arabic male proper names such as:<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">طلحة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>،</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">معاوية</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>،</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">حمزة</span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;">    </span>Also, it is used on some broken plural patterns such as:<o:p></o:p></div>
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 (giant )<span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">عملاق/عمالقة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> (</span>professor/s)<span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">استاذ/استاذة</span><br />
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<ul>
<li><b>All countries, towns, villages</b>, etc. are treated as feminine. The exceptions to this rule are six Arab countries. These are:</li>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">الکويت</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> , </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">لُبنان</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> , </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">السودان</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> , </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">العراق</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> , </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">الأردُن</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> , </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">المغرب</span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Venice; font-size: 24pt;">A Hundred and One Rules !</span></b></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"></span></div>
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<b style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Mohammed Jiyad</span></b></div>
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<b style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"></span>
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</div>

The Feminine Marker

The Feminine Marker. As in many other languages, any Arabic noun/adjective has to be either masculine or femin...

The Definite Article

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<b style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">The Definite Article in Arabic. </b><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">A noun or adjective is made definite by prefixing (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.5pt;">الـ</span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">) to it.</span></blockquote>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;">                  </span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="font-size: 18pt;">   </span>a.  an old house            <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;">بيتٌ قديمٌ</span><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span style="font-size: 18pt;">                     </span>b. the old house           <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;">البيتُ قديمٌ</span><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"><br /></span></b></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"><br /></span></b></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"><br /></span></b></span>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Venice; font-size: 24pt;">A Hundred and One Rules !</span></b></div>
<div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"></span></div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-center;">
<b style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Mohammed Jiyad</span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><b><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
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</div>

The Definite Article

The Definite Article in Arabic. A noun or adjective is made definite by prefixing ( الـ ) to it. ...

Numbers

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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b> Numbers</b> that proceed nouns should take the opposite gender</li>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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of those nouns. Furthermore, they
should carry the marker that is determined by their grammatical function in the
sentence. The noun itself has to be in the genitive case because this
combination will create an Idaafa.<o:p></o:p></div>
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                   a. I met five students (f).<span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">قابلتُ خَمسَ طالباتٍ.   </span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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                   b. Five students (m) came. <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">خَمسَةُ
طلابٍ. </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">حضَرَ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">Numbers (Revisited). </b><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">It was
mentioned earlier that numbers that proceed nouns should take the opposite
gender of those nouns. An additional rule which you need to consider is that
unlike English, the noun has to be in plural only between 3-10. After that the
noun has to be singular in the accusative case. This is another example of </span><span dir="RTL" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="RTL" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.5pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>     تمييز</span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span lang="FA" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="RTL" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.5pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>  </span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">"accusative of distinction."</span></li>
</ul>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">إشتريتُ خمسة َ عَشرَ <u>قلماً</u>.</span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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I bought fifteen pencils.<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> أيَّـة ُ / أيُّ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span>both mean “which” (as a question
word). The first is used for masculine while the second is used for feminine.
The noun which follows either one of them has to be in the genitive case. The
implication is that the two nouns create Idaafa. Please notice that <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt;">أيَّـة ُ / أيُّ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span>carry the vowel of the original case of the noun you ask
about.</li>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">أيَّـة ُ مَجلـَّةٍ هذهِ؟</span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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a. Which magazine <b>(subject-nominative)</b>
is this?<br />
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">أيَّ طالبٍ شاهدتِ؟</span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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b. Which student (m) <b>(object-accusative)</b>
did you (f) see?<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">إلی أيـَّةِ مدينةٍ سافرتَ؟</span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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c. To which city <b>(object
of a prep.-genitive)</b> did you travel?<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Venice; font-size: 24pt;">A Hundred and One Rules !</span></b></div>
<div style="text-indent: 0px;">
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"></span></div>
<div style="text-indent: 0px;">
<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"></span></div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-center; text-indent: 0px;">
<b style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Mohammed Jiyad</span></b></div>
</div>
</div>

Numbers

Numbers that proceed nouns should take the opposite gender of those nouns. Furthermore...

Conjunction

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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b>The conjunction</b> <span style="font-size: 18pt;">(</span> <span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt;">و</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>) </span>changes to <span style="font-size: 18pt;">(</span> <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt;">أو</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> ) </span>when the sentence is
       negated.</li>
</ul>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">           </span>I
like coffee and tea.<span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;">           </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>          </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">أحِبُّ القهوةَ والشايَ.</span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;">    </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">      </span>Neither do I like coffee nor tea<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">لا أحِبُّ القهوةَ
أوالشايَ.      .</span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Venice; font-size: 24pt;">A Hundred and One Rules !</span></b></div>
<div>
<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"></span><br /></div>
<div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"></span></div>
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<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt;">                                        </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Palatino, serif;">Mohammed Jiyad</span></b></div>
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Conjunction

The conjunction ( و ) changes to ( أو ) when the sentence is negated. ...