Learn Arabic Amman

Demonstrative Pronouns

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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b>Demonstrative Pronouns. </b>The use of<b> </b>"this/that &
these/those"<b> </b>in Arabic is
determined by the number and gender of the noun/adjective they introduce.</li>
</ul>
<o:p></o:p></div>
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             a.
Singulars are            <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;">(f)</span>  <span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> هذهِ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>،</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> (f)</span> <span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>، هذا  </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">،</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"> 
</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">تل</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ك  </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"> ذل</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">كَ</span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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                   b. Plurals are    <span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> هؤلاءِ  ، أولئ</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">كَ        </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> (</span>no gender distinction)<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b> </b></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Venice; font-size: 24pt;">A Hundred and One Rules !</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt;">                                                Mohammed Jiyad</span></b></div>
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Demonstrative Pronouns

Demonstrative Pronouns. The use of "this/that & these/those" in Arabic is determined by the number and gen...

Arabic Alphabet Lessons 11/5/2015

Arabic Alphabet Lessons 11/5/2015

11/05/2015

11/05/2015

Idaafa

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<li><b style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"> Idaafa </b><span dir="RTL" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="RTL" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.5pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> الاضافة</span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><b style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>.</b><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"> The Idaafa structure is usually made
of two or more nouns that are semantically related and in a sequence. Sometimes
it sounds like a sort of "possessive" relationship, where English
could use "of" or "'s" .The first term of the Idaafa might
be in any case and </span><u style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">should not</u><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"> take Nunation or a definite article. The
Second term of the Idaafa, on the other hand, is always in the genitive case
and may take Nunation or a definite article.</span></li>
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the language professor<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>:</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">استاذ ُ اللغةِ    ،   
استاذ َ اللغةِ   ،   استاذِ اللغةِ</span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;">    </span>a
language professor<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>:</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>   <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">استاذ ُ لغةٍ      ،    استاذ َ لغةٍ     ،  
استاذ ِ لغةٍ<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b>      <i>If you encounter a cluster of nouns, then
you should try to find out if it is an Idaafa structure.<o:p></o:p></i></b></div>
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<li><b style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">The Simple Idaafa</b><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"> is made of two nouns. The Complex
Idaafa is made of 3 or more. As expected, such sequences will create a
Syntactical Environment where some nouns will play double grammatical
functions.</span></li>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">       </span>a. the university building       </div>
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                <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">بناءُ
الجامعة</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">ِ</span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"> </span>     <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"> </span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">            </span>b. the
door of the university building           </div>
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             <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">بابُ بناءِ الجامعةِ          </span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<li><b style="line-height: 18pt; text-indent: -0.5pt;">The Idaafa (revisited)</b><span style="line-height: 18pt; text-indent: -0.5pt;">. Arabic grammar
does not allow anything to be placed between the first and second term of
Idaafa except for a demonstrative pronoun. Therefore,</span></li>
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        (a) the
student’s book     <span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>       </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Geneva;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>   </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">کتابُ الطالبةِ</span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"> </span>            is correct and <o:p></o:p></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">         </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>(b)
this student’s book          <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">کتابُ هذهِ الطالبةِ</span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"> </span>            is also correct.  <span style="line-height: 24pt;">But,</span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">         </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>(c)                                       <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">کتابُها الطالبة</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">ِ</span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"><o:p> </o:p></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 18pt;">        </span><span style="line-height: 18pt;">is
incorrect due to the fact that the possessive</span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 18pt;"> </span><span style="line-height: 18pt;">pronoun ( </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 18pt;">ـها</span><span dir="LTR" style="line-height: 18pt;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="line-height: 18pt;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="line-height: 18pt;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="line-height: 18pt;"></span><span style="line-height: 18pt;"> ) is inserted between </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 18pt;"> </span><span style="line-height: 18pt;">the
first and second terms of</span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 18pt;"></span><span dir="RTL" style="line-height: 18pt;"></span><span dir="RTL" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 18pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span style="line-height: 18pt;">Idaafa.</span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Venice; font-size: 24pt;">A Hundred and One Rules !</span></b></div>
<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"></span><br />
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt;">                                                Mohammed Jiyad</span></b></div>
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Idaafa

Idaafa الاضافة . The Idaafa structure is usually made of two or more nouns that are semantically related and ...

Sentences in Arabic

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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"> Sentences in Arabic. </b><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">The closest</span><b style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"> </b><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">equivalent in Arabic grammar to the
Western notion of a 'sentence' is </span><span dir="RTL" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="RTL" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.5pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> جملة</span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">, a syntactically
complete string of words that expresses a semantically complete message. In a
sentence, there is always one head word that relays or determines the
sentential functions resulting in markers in the form of case endings.
According to the Western analysis of Arabic sentence structure , there are two</span></li>
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types of sentence:
nominal and verbal. The Arab Grammarians differ and suggest three types.<span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b>      </b><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>(a)</b>
<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> <i><b>الجملة الفعلية</b></i></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span>The verbal sentence is the basic
sentence. Its order is<b> (object)<---
subject <--- verb. </b>In this type of sentence, a verb is marked by the
gender of its subject.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b>      </b><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>(b)</b><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> <i><b>الجملة الاسمية</b></i></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span>The
Nominal Sentence is where the subject takes an initial position for emphatic
purposes, followed by the verb, <b> (object)<--- </b> <b>verb
<--- subject</b>. Consequently, the verb is marked by the number and gender
of its subject.<o:p></o:p></div>
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      <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>(c) </b><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><i><b><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> جملة المبتدأ والخبر</b></i></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span>The
Equational Sentence is made of a subject and a predicate without any expressed
verb. The verb "to<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> </span>be"
is understood, <b> predicate<--- subject</b>. Both the subject
and the predicate have to be in the nominative case.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Venice; font-size: 24pt;">A Hundred and One Rules !</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt;">                                                Mohammed Jiyad</span></b></div>
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</div>

Sentences in Arabic

Sentences in Arabic. The closest equivalent in Arabic grammar to the Western notion of a 'sent...

Diphthong

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<li><b> Long vowel to a Diphthong.</b> If any
of the two long vowel <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">و</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
, </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ا</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> </span>is proceeded by
the short vowel <span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>–َ </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span>, the long vowel
changes its character to a diphthong:</li>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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                                           uu
--->  ou  <span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>    </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">دَور</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>،</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">دور</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>   <o:p></o:p><br />
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                                           ii  
--->  ei<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> <span lang="FA">  </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">دَين      </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>،</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">دين</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Venice; font-size: 24pt;">A Hundred and One Rules !</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt;">                                                Mohammed Jiyad</span></b></div>
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Diphthong

Long vowel to a Diphthong. If any of the two long vowel و , ا is proceeded by the short vowel –َ , the long vowel...

Definiteness/Indefiniteness.

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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Definiteness in Arabic. </span></b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-indent: -0.5pt;">As you
might have noticed in the phrases in point #11 above, adjectives in Arabic usually
follow nouns and agree with them in terms of number, gender, case, and
definiteness/indefiniteness.</span></li>
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<span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 18pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">   </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 18pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">       </span><span style="text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">a.
small book</span><span style="text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">   </span><span style="text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">           </span><span style="font-size: 18pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -0.25in;">کتابٌ صغيرٌ</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 18.0pt;">                            </span>b.
the small book         <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">الکتابُ صغيرٌ</span><span style="font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span><br />
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<b>Definiteness in Arabic (Revisited). </b>You should know by <o:p></o:p></div>
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now that a noun or an
adjective in Arabic is made definite by one of the following methods:<o:p></o:p></div>
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       <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">  </span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">                    </span>a. a
definite article<o:p></o:p></div>
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      <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"> </span>      <br />
                    b. following the vocative particle <o:p></o:p></div>
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       <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">  </span><br />
<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">                    </span>c. a
possessive pronoun<o:p></o:p></div>
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       <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">             </span>d. by
relating it to a definite noun in Idaafa structure<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">      If an adjective completely agrees with its
noun in every aspect, then you have a phrase, as in examples (a) and (b) below.
However, if a noun (subject) is definite and its adjective (predicate) is
indefinite you have a sentence, as in (c).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">                     (</span></span><span style="font-family: inherit;">a)
a new house                 <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">بيتٌ جديدٌ</span><span style="font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 18.0pt;">                     (</span>b)
the new house          <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">البيتُ الجديدُ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: 18.0pt;">                     (</span>c)
The house is new<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">البيتُ جديدٌ     </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Venice; font-size: 24pt;">A Hundred and One Rules !</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt;">                                                Mohammed Jiyad</span></b></div>
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Definiteness/Indefiniteness.

Definiteness in Arabic. As you might have noticed in the phrases in point #11 above, adjectiv...

The Arabic Morphology

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<li><b>The Arabic Morphology. </b>At a very early date, the Arab
grammarians invented a notation for the morphological patterns  <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">التصريف</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> , which represented the three root radicals <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">فعل</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
For those grammarians, the task of morphology was the breakdown of words into
radical and auxiliary consonants <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">الزوائد</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>. The grammarians set up methods to identify the radicals, of
which the most important was <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">الاشتقاق</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> , the comparison of the form under scrutiny with
morphologically-related words with the same semantic content. In line with the
idea of the purity of the language, the semantic<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> </span>extension of an existing word was
regarded as the most appropriate device for expansion of the lexicon. The model
for this procedure was believed to have been given by the language of the
Qur'an itself. Semantic extension became an accepted method of creating new
terminology.</li>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Venice; font-size: 24pt;"> A Hundred and One Rules !</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt;">                                                Mohammed Jiyad</span></b></div>
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The Arabic Morphology

The Arabic Morphology. At a very early date, the Arab grammarians invented a notation for the morphological ...