Learn Arabic Amman

Numbers

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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b> Numbers</b> that proceed nouns should take the opposite gender</li>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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of those nouns. Furthermore, they
should carry the marker that is determined by their grammatical function in the
sentence. The noun itself has to be in the genitive case because this
combination will create an Idaafa.<o:p></o:p></div>
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                   a. I met five students (f).<span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">قابلتُ خَمسَ طالباتٍ.   </span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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                   b. Five students (m) came. <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">خَمسَةُ
طلابٍ. </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">حضَرَ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">Numbers (Revisited). </b><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">It was
mentioned earlier that numbers that proceed nouns should take the opposite
gender of those nouns. An additional rule which you need to consider is that
unlike English, the noun has to be in plural only between 3-10. After that the
noun has to be singular in the accusative case. This is another example of </span><span dir="RTL" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="RTL" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.5pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>     تمييز</span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span lang="FA" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="RTL" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.5pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>  </span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">"accusative of distinction."</span></li>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">إشتريتُ خمسة َ عَشرَ <u>قلماً</u>.</span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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I bought fifteen pencils.<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> أيَّـة ُ / أيُّ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span>both mean “which” (as a question
word). The first is used for masculine while the second is used for feminine.
The noun which follows either one of them has to be in the genitive case. The
implication is that the two nouns create Idaafa. Please notice that <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt;">أيَّـة ُ / أيُّ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span>carry the vowel of the original case of the noun you ask
about.</li>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">أيَّـة ُ مَجلـَّةٍ هذهِ؟</span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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a. Which magazine <b>(subject-nominative)</b>
is this?<br />
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">أيَّ طالبٍ شاهدتِ؟</span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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b. Which student (m) <b>(object-accusative)</b>
did you (f) see?<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">إلی أيـَّةِ مدينةٍ سافرتَ؟</span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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c. To which city <b>(object
of a prep.-genitive)</b> did you travel?<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Venice; font-size: 24pt;">A Hundred and One Rules !</span></b></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"></span></div>
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<b style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Mohammed Jiyad</span></b></div>
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Numbers

Numbers that proceed nouns should take the opposite gender of those nouns. Furthermore...

Conjunction

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<li><b>The conjunction</b> <span style="font-size: 18pt;">(</span> <span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt;">و</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>) </span>changes to <span style="font-size: 18pt;">(</span> <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt;">أو</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> ) </span>when the sentence is
       negated.</li>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">           </span>I
like coffee and tea.<span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;">           </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>          </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">أحِبُّ القهوةَ والشايَ.</span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;">    </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">      </span>Neither do I like coffee nor tea<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">لا أحِبُّ القهوةَ
أوالشايَ.      .</span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Venice; font-size: 24pt;">A Hundred and One Rules !</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt;">                                        </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Palatino, serif;">Mohammed Jiyad</span></b></div>
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Conjunction

The conjunction ( و ) changes to ( أو ) when the sentence is negated. ...

Negation of Past Tense Verbs

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<li><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"> </span><b style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">Negation
of Past Tense Verbs. </b><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">There are two methods to negate the verbs in past
tense. The easy way is by using </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.5pt;">ما</span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.5pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">before the verb. The other is to use the negation particle </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.5pt;">لم</span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.5pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>¸</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"> followed by the
jussive form of the verb.</span></li>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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      We didn’t watch/see this movie.       <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ما شاهَدنا هذا الفلمَ.</span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;">                                                     </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">لم نُشاهِد</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ْ</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"> هذا الفلمَ.</span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<li><b style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"> </b><span dir="RTL" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="RTL" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.5pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> هُنا
/ هُناكَ</span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.5pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">are nouns that can also be used as adverbs.</span></li>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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      (a) There is a student (f) in the
classroom.  <span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">هُناكَ </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">طالبة ٌ في الصفِّ.</span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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      (b) The new book is here.                                  <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">الکتابُ الجديدُ
هُنا.   </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<li><span dir="RTL" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt;"> کُلُّ </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> is a noun that will be a first term of Idaafa
and could mean "every/each" if it is followed by a singular
indefinite noun. If the singular noun is definite, <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt;">کُلُّ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> </span>would mean "all/whole". If it
is used after a noun, then it should carry its corresponding pronoun suffix and
its function becomes emphatic.</li>
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<span dir="LTR"></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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a.
I read every book!                  <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">قرأتُ کُلَّ کتابٍ.                     
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b.
I read the whole book.         <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">قرأتُ کُلَّ الکتابِ.                    
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"> </span>c.
I read the book, all of it.       <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">قرأتُ الکتابَ
کـُلـَّهُ                    </span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;">    </span>However,
if<span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> کـُلُّ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span>is
followed by a plural noun, that noun should be definite and both create Idaafa.
Check the following sentences:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">حضرَ کلُّ الموظفينَ</span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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All
the employees (m) came.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">حضرَ کلُّ موظفي المکتبِ.</span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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All
the office employees (m) came.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Venice; font-size: 24pt;">A Hundred and One Rules !</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt;">                                                Mohammed Jiyad</span></b></div>
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Negation of Past Tense Verbs

Negation of Past Tense Verbs. There are two methods to negate the verbs in past tense. The easy way is b...

Object Pronouns

Object Pronouns

Object Pronouns. You remember what was mentioned earlier that possessive pronouns are suffixed to nouns. N...

Alphabet Lessons 18/05/2015

18/05/2015

18/05/2015

Helping Vowels

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<b><br /></b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">Helping Vowels </b><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">replace the Zero Vowel
when the following word starts with Hamza. Therefore, an environment for using
a helping vowel will be created every time one uses a definite article. The
purpose of this Phonological Rule is to provide a smooth transition from one
word to the next. Generally speaking, this transition is governed by the
following rules.</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5pt;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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   <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">   </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> a. If the proceeding vowel is FatHa the
helping vowel is Kasra. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"> </span>Is the book
new?                                  <span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>(هَل</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ْ</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"> ) هَل ِ الکتابُ جديدٌ؟</span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;">    </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">      </span>b.<span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"> </span>If the proceeding vowel is
Kasra, the helping vowel is FatHa. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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This
pencil is from the office.     <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">مِنَ
المکتَبِ.  </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">هذا
القلمُ (مِنْ)</span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;">             </span> <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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      c. If the proceeding vowel is Dhamma, the
helping vowel is  Dhamma.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">لماذا
(</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">قابَلتـُم</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ْ</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">) قابَلتـُمُ
المديرَةَ؟</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">                                       </span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>                     </span>Why did you (m, pl)
meet the director (f)?<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4pt;">
<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Venice; font-size: 24pt;">A Hundred and One Rules !</span></b></div>
<div>
<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"></span><br /></div>
<div>
<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"></span><br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt;">                                                Mohammed Jiyad</span></b><br />
<div>
<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
</div>
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</div>

Helping Vowels

Helping Vowels replace the Zero Vowel when the following word starts with Hamza. Therefore, an...

Verb-Subject Agreement

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<b><br /></b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">Verb-Subject Agreement. </b><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">A verb that
proceeds its subject is marked by gender only. If it follows its subject it
should be marked by both number and gender.</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5pt;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
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      <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">             </span>The
students (f) went to the dorm.<span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;">  </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ذهبتِ الطالباتُ الی السکن ِ. </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>  <span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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      <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">             </span>The
students (f) went to the dorm.<span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;">   </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">الطالباتُ ذهبنَ الی السکن ِ. </span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b>A</b> <b>Transitive Verb</b> (a) requires  an object; intransitive (b) does   not.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.0pt;">
<span dir="LTR"></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">             </span>a.
I ate an apple.                            <span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>    </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>      <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">أکلتُ تُفاحة ً.</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">            </span>b.
I went to the university.                    <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ذهبتُ إلی الجامعةِ.</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><o:p></o:p><br />
<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><br /></span>
<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4pt;">
<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Venice; font-size: 24pt;">A Hundred and One Rules !</span></b></div>
<div>
<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"></span><br /></div>
<div>
<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"></span><br /></div>
<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"></span><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt;">                                                Mohammed Jiyad</span></b><br />
<div>
<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>

Verb-Subject Agreement

Verb-Subject Agreement. A verb that proceeds its subject is marked by gender only. If it follows its sub...

Subject Markers

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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b>The Subject markers</b> for verbs in the
past tense are suffixed to the verb stem in order to demonstrate subject/verb
agreement.</li>
</ul>
<o:p></o:p></div>
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      They are:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">هو (-َ) ، هي (ـَت</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ْ</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">) ، أنتَ  (ـ</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ْ</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">تَ)  ، أنتِ (ـْتِ) ، أنا (ـْتُ)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">هُم  (ـوا) ، هنَّ (-</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ْ</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">نَ) ، أنتم (ـ</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ْ</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">تُم) ، أنتُنَّ (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ـْ</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ـتُنَّ) ، نحنُ (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ـْ</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ـنا)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b> The Different Forms of</b> 
<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ليسَ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
. When subject pronouns are attached to <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ليسَ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>, it will take the following forms:</li>
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<span dir="LTR"></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">أنا    لستُ              نحنُ    لسنا<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">أنتَ  لستَ              أنتم     لستُم<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">أنتِ  لستِ              أنتُنَّ  
 لستُنَّ<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;">هو   ليسَ             </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"> هم   </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;">  ليسوا<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"> هي  ليسَت</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-size: 18pt;">ْ</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;">          </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"> هُنَّ  </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;">  لسنَ  </span></span><br />
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Venice; font-size: 24pt;">A Hundred and One Rules !</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt;">                                                Mohammed Jiyad</span></b></div>
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Subject Markers

The Subject markers for verbs in the past tense are suffixed to the verb stem in order to demonstrate subject/verb agree...

Interrogative Particles

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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"> Interrogative Particles. </b><span dir="RTL" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="RTL" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.5pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> أ / هل</span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.5pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">are interrogative particles which
are used to introduce questions that may be answered with either Yes or No.</span></li>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">أ ؟هل هذا مکتبٌ؟    </span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: left;">Is this an office?</span><br />
<o:p></o:p></div>
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      There is some phonological restriction on
the use of <span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> أ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span>when the following word starts with a Hamza, such as:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><br /></span>
<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">أأنتَ جديدٌ هنا؟          </span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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  <br />
  It is better, in fact easier phonetically,
to use <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">هل</span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">هل أنتَ جديدٌ هنا؟         </span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<li><b style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">Interrogative Particles </b><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.5pt;">أ / هل </span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.5pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><b style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;">(</span>revisited)</b><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">. The Arabic
language does not tolerate the use of </span><span dir="RTL" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="RTL" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.5pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> هل </span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.5pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">with
any form of</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">  </span><span dir="RTL" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="RTL" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.5pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> ليسَ</span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">  </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">in order to make a question. You have to
stick with </span><span dir="RTL" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="RTL" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.5pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>.</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.5pt;"> أ</span></li>
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Isn't the student (m) in the library? <o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Venice; font-size: 24pt;">A Hundred and One Rules !</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt;">                                                Mohammed Jiyad</span></b></div>
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Interrogative Particles

Interrogative Particles. أ / هل are interrogative particles which are used to introduce questions t...