Moon Letters

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5pt;"> <b><br /></b> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4rmdjq05i9y-h-S7IlAa49TXK6vBvMVlM20hBbQ1gpJx3RefRVj8a2BA3IGLzSLP7Sk4LQ25DUvqOK14QnpQLjm0aDu2gP09RBNf9qdfwHHLY8FJgOyJZwGX48IX9hqEu74eby4ctfvg/s1600/MOON.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4rmdjq05i9y-h-S7IlAa49TXK6vBvMVlM20hBbQ1gpJx3RefRVj8a2BA3IGLzSLP7Sk4LQ25DUvqOK14QnpQLjm0aDu2gP09RBNf9qdfwHHLY8FJgOyJZwGX48IX9hqEu74eby4ctfvg/s1600/MOON.png" width="165" /></a></div> <b><br /></b> <b><br /></b> <b><br /></b> <b><br /></b> <b><br /></b> <b><br /></b> <b><br /></b> <b><br /></b> <b><br /></b> <b><br /></b> <b><br /></b> <b><br /></b> <b><br /></b> <b><br /></b><b><br /></b> <span style="font-family: inherit; font-size: large;"><b>The Moon Letters</b> have the definite article fully pronounced. They are:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5pt;"> <br /> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0in 0.25in 0.0001pt -4pt; text-align: right; text-indent: -0.5pt;">  <b><span style="font-size: large;">أ ب ج ح خ ع غ ف ق ك م </span><span style="text-indent: -23.9999980926514px;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">هـ</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: large; text-indent: -0.5pt;"> و ي     </span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span dir="RTL" lang="FA"><b><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: large;">  </span><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: x-large;">   الکتابُ</span></b><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>  </b> </span>                                   </span><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">    </span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <br /></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5pt;"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="color: blue;"><b>A Hundred and One Rules !</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="color: blue;"><b><br /></b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left;"> <span style="color: blue;"><b>                                 Mohammed Jiyad</b></span></div> <div> <br /></div> </div> </div>

Moon Letters

The Moon Letters have the definite article fully pronounced. They are:   أ ب ج ح خ ع غ ف ق ك م  هـ    و ي   ...

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Sun Letters

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5pt;"> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV1gAjx6XCnTVJwS6l39g_43hamo70_90kqtcKKgMbf3l9nDjxN233SULGwHIfpIVBBEjBA-EWFlntKpUwfNUoC7bPa0lepLnm_0cWx0Ujoa_g7AMNYoHf0PzQmX3wsDV-NBNymfzpevs/s1600/sun.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV1gAjx6XCnTVJwS6l39g_43hamo70_90kqtcKKgMbf3l9nDjxN233SULGwHIfpIVBBEjBA-EWFlntKpUwfNUoC7bPa0lepLnm_0cWx0Ujoa_g7AMNYoHf0PzQmX3wsDV-NBNymfzpevs/s1600/sun.JPG" width="140" /></a></div> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5pt;"> <b><br /></b> <b><br /></b> <b><br /></b> <b>The</b> <b>Sun Letters. </b>Due to a Phonological rule, the /<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ل</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>/<span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"> </span>sound of the definite article is assimilated by any of the following sun consonants. Therefore, you need to use Shadda to replace the assimilated /<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ل</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>/. The Sun Letters are:<br /> <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <br /></div> <span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">             </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b> </b></span><br /> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif; font-size: large;"><b>    </b></span><b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-large;">  <span dir="RTL" lang="FA">ت ث د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ ل ن   الدَّرسُ</span></b><br /> <b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-large;"><span dir="RTL" lang="FA"><br /></span></b> <br /> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="color: blue;"><b>A Hundred and One Rules !</b></span></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="color: blue;"><b><br /></b></span></div> <div> <span style="color: blue;"><b>                                 Mohammed Jiyad</b></span></div> <span style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">           </span></b></span><br /> <b style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: x-large;"><span dir="RTL" lang="FA"><br /></span></b></div>

Sun Letters

The Sun Letters. Due to a Phonological rule, the / ل / sound of the definite article is assimilated by any of the following su...

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Short Vowels,Nunation

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div> <b><br /></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.0pt;"> </div> <b></b><br /> <div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuJApNM7c8ptXm6mFoDaWtrNEFzduxhFeoQdo2L5UmvlF6qO3kQeRlHxOllYc19OAacinz1Mp7ikAL7J3G9jA1_IC7hnluGL7VTUe2ZEgKvaT7Q5xoccxDdu-VNJc9zppExh0OINJ05UY/s1600/Untitled22.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuJApNM7c8ptXm6mFoDaWtrNEFzduxhFeoQdo2L5UmvlF6qO3kQeRlHxOllYc19OAacinz1Mp7ikAL7J3G9jA1_IC7hnluGL7VTUe2ZEgKvaT7Q5xoccxDdu-VNJc9zppExh0OINJ05UY/s1600/Untitled22.png" width="400" /></a></div> <b><b><br /></b></b></div> <b> </b> <br /> <div> <b><b><br /></b></b></div> <b> </b> <br /> <div> <b><b><br /></b></b></div> <b> </b> <br /> <div> <b><b><br /></b></b></div> <b> </b> <br /> <div> <b><b><br /></b></b></div> <b> </b> <div> <b><b><br /></b> <b><br /></b> <b><br /></b> <b><br /></b> <b><br /></b> <b><br /></b> <b><br /></b> <b><br /></b> <b><br /></b> <b><br /></b></b></div> <b> <div> <b><br /></b></div>                                Short Vowels in Arabic</b><br /> <ul style="text-align: left;"> </ul> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right: .25in;"> The notation of the short vowels was a complicated problem. Abu Al-Aswad Al-Du'ali is credited with introduction of the system of colored dots in the writing system, and the terminology, "FatHa <span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>-َ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span>, Dhamma <span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>-ُ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span>, Kasra <span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>-ِ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>.". But, a substantial improvement in the system of short vowels notation is usually attributed to the first lexicographer of the Arabic language, Al-Khalil Ibn Ahmed. He replaced the colored dots with specific shapes for the short vowels and the Shadda. With Al-Khalil's reform, the system of Arabic orthography was almost the same ever since.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in;"> When used at the end of a definite noun or adjective they indicate case.<span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;">   </span>                     <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.25in;">                    (a)<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b> <span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>-ُ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b></span>indicates Nominative case as in <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><b>الکتابُ</b></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">      </span>             (b) <span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>-َ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b></span>indicates Accusative case as in<b> <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">الکتابَ</span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.25in;">                    (c)<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b> <span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>-ِ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span> </b></span>indicates Genitive case as in<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>  <span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> <b> </b></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><b>الکتابِ</b></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5pt;"> <b>  </b>As you might have noticed, Siibawaih did not include the short vowels. Neither did he talk about the diphthongs which are created every time you have a short vowel proceeding the long vowels<span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><b><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> و</b></span>and<span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><b>ي</b></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span>as in<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span dir="RTL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">يَوم  </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>،</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> بَيت</span></b><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5pt;"> </div> <ul style="text-align: left;"> <li><b style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"> Nunation. </b><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">When a noun or an adjective is indefinite it carries Nunation, which is any of the short vowels plus /n/ sound.</span></li> </ul> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5pt;"> <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <br /></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>  </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>(a)<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>-ٌٌ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></span></b>indicates Nominative case as in  <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><b>استاذةٌ</b></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">  </span><br /> <span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>(b)<span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>-ً</b></span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span>indicates Accusative case as in <b> <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">استاذةً</span></b><o:p></o:p></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"><br /></span> <span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>    </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>(c)<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b><span style="font-size: x-large;">-ٍ </span></b> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span>indicates Genitive case as in   <span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><b>استاذةٍ</b></span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;"> <span dir="RTL"></span><br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in;"> Please notice that the accusative Nunation  <span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><b><span style="font-size: large;"><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>-ً</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span> </b>is always written on</div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in;">  ( <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ا</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> ) </span>as in<b> <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">بيتاً</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>.</b> An exception to that is when the final consonant is either the feminine marker, Taa' MarbuTa <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><b>طالبة </b>ً</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>, or Hamza, <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><b>سماءً </b></span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.25in;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5pt;"> <b>7. The Shadda</b> is used when you have two identical consonants in a sequence, providing that the first has a <b>Sukuun</b> (zero vowel). <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.25in;">                    <o:p></o:p></div> <br /> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <div style="text-align: left;">                     <b><span style="font-size: large;"><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">دَر</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">ْ</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">رَسَ</span></span></b><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"><b><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></b>    </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>   </span>is written as <b><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Naskh;"> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">دَرَّسَ</span></span></b></div> </div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> </div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <b><span style="font-size: large;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></span></b> <b><span style="font-size: large;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></span></b></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <div> <span style="color: blue;"><b>A Hundred and One Rules !</b></span></div> <div> <span style="color: blue;"><b><br /></b></span></div> <div style="text-align: left;"> <span style="color: blue;"><b>                                 Mohammed Jiyad</b></span></div> </div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <b><span style="font-size: large;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></span></b></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <b><span style="font-size: large;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></span></b></div> </div>

Short Vowels,Nunation

                               Short Vowels in Arabic The notation of the short vow...

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Consonatial System

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzKOJ7-AnkNap9sxrWBORhoNZGMoZ5XSOozvBeCPA0iCF9XWXzZk1fGhivdzGHDkSjZiDPliZBsGLEhX47Ww5kBc5WcKdAM8I-deRFlNbiJLxurXowfsH6sexTWTmzC7Ab8jLO0H4B7mc/s1600/arabic.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="176" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzKOJ7-AnkNap9sxrWBORhoNZGMoZ5XSOozvBeCPA0iCF9XWXzZk1fGhivdzGHDkSjZiDPliZBsGLEhX47Ww5kBc5WcKdAM8I-deRFlNbiJLxurXowfsH6sexTWTmzC7Ab8jLO0H4B7mc/s1600/arabic.jpg" width="200" /></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-CBunUZaE0W6eVvBNhT15P68Cr5SxVjRHk33wF7fq5ShS4gBD5fLl2BiABB-J_KPhwOQwXnNLklLrwm3iQHDXbsiB7T-lyLEXQwlhsiEFUyyCwMiuYzoo7xlj_kVPVBZN2vs4WjcuqoI/s1600/11.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" height="440" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-CBunUZaE0W6eVvBNhT15P68Cr5SxVjRHk33wF7fq5ShS4gBD5fLl2BiABB-J_KPhwOQwXnNLklLrwm3iQHDXbsiB7T-lyLEXQwlhsiEFUyyCwMiuYzoo7xlj_kVPVBZN2vs4WjcuqoI/s1600/11.png" width="640" /></span></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4.0pt;"> <span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>3. One Direction Connectors</b>. Of the 29 letters that make the Arabic Alphabet only six connect to the proceeding letter. These<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> </span>include two long vowels <b><span style="background-color: white; color: blue;"><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;">ا</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></span></b> and <b><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"><span style="color: blue;">و</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b>, and four consonants;<b> <span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="color: blue;"><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>،</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA">  </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;">د</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>، ذ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;">ر</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>،</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;">ز</span></span></b><b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b>. The rest connect to both sides.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> <span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /> </span><br /> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>4. Emphatic Consonants</b> are a Semitic languages phenomenon. In Arabic there are four which include</span><br /> <span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="color: blue;"><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;">ص</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>،</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;">ط</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>،</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;">ظ </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> <span style="color: blue;">ض ،</span></span></b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>. These consonants are articulated by a process of velarization: the tip of the tongue is lowered, the root of the tongue is raised towards the soft palate (velum), and in the process the timbre of the neighboring vowels is shifted towards a posterior realization.</span><o:p></o:p><br /> <span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4pt; text-align: center;"> <b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Venice; font-size: 24pt;">A Hundred and One Rules !</span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4pt; text-align: justify;"> <b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt;">                                                </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Palatino, serif; font-size: x-small;">Mohammed Jiyad</span></b></div> <span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> </div>

Consonatial System

3. One Direction Connectors . Of the 29 letters that make the Arabic Alphabet only six connect to the proceedin...

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Ha

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-68_A9seMWVw/VQsIMMDQrNI/AAAAAAAACgQ/uvdZtf4qunA/s1600/10723631_264309447112425_595185243_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="264" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-68_A9seMWVw/VQsIMMDQrNI/AAAAAAAACgQ/uvdZtf4qunA/s1600/10723631_264309447112425_595185243_n.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <br />

Ha

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The letter "Ha"

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The letter "Ha"

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Ya

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Ya

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The letter "ya"

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The letter "ya"

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Waw

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Waw

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The letter "waw"

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The letter "waw"

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Nun

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Nun

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The letter "nun"

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The letter "nun"

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Meem

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Meem

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The letter "meem"

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The letter "meem"

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Lam

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Lam

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The letter "lam"

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-vyhQPGj6mik/VQsE-GBOMII/AAAAAAAACdU/5lx3UzazViU/s1600/10717436_264308803779156_752896016_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="255" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-vyhQPGj6mik/VQsE-GBOMII/AAAAAAAACdU/5lx3UzazViU/s1600/10717436_264308803779156_752896016_n.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Z_ks5qgCaX4/VQsE-T-jidI/AAAAAAAACcw/f9v-fx6-z-A/s1600/10717858_264308817112488_834600511_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="257" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Z_ks5qgCaX4/VQsE-T-jidI/AAAAAAAACcw/f9v-fx6-z-A/s1600/10717858_264308817112488_834600511_n.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6bixwfZpQy4/VQsE-DEU9tI/AAAAAAAACcs/Mjoz5AaCzhY/s1600/10721318_264308797112490_260227278_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="256" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-6bixwfZpQy4/VQsE-DEU9tI/AAAAAAAACcs/Mjoz5AaCzhY/s1600/10721318_264308797112490_260227278_n.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iT3PleCdoxU/VQsE-zh0TvI/AAAAAAAACc4/GnLCyWRShAw/s1600/10723114_264309423779094_1124544253_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="268" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-iT3PleCdoxU/VQsE-zh0TvI/AAAAAAAACc4/GnLCyWRShAw/s1600/10723114_264309423779094_1124544253_n.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-tPvUBfFP9F4/VQsE_ZDMMyI/AAAAAAAACdE/3tO3xQtQkcw/s1600/10726405_264308800445823_1247070506_n.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="256" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-tPvUBfFP9F4/VQsE_ZDMMyI/AAAAAAAACdE/3tO3xQtQkcw/s1600/10726405_264308800445823_1247070506_n.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <br />

The letter "lam"

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Kaf

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Kaf

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The letter "kaf"

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The letter "kaf"

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Qaf

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Qaf

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The letter "qaf"

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The letter "qaf"

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