Learn Arabic Amman: Basic Arabic

The Present Tense of the Verb

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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b>The Present Tense of the Arabic verb</b>
requires that you prefix the subject marker and suffix the mood marker to the
stem of the verb. However, this is not as easy as it sounds, especially for
Form I. The vowels you need to add are going to be a little bit challenging.
Note the following paradigm.</li>
</ul>
<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p> </o:p><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>1.1. فـَعَلَ - يَفعَلُ             ذَهَبَ- يَذهَبُ<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">2.1. فـَعَلَ - يَفعِلُ             رَجَعَ
- يَرجِعُ<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">3.1. فـَعَلَ - يَفعُلُ             کـَتـَبَ - يَکتـُبُ<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">4.1. فـَعِلَ - يَفعَلُ            
شَرِبَ - يَشرَبُ<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">2. فـَعَّلَ - يُفـَعِّلَ              
دَرَّسَ - يُدرِّسُ<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">3. فاعَلَ - يُفاعِلُ              شاهَدَ
- يُشاهِدُ<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">4. أفعَلَ - يُفعِلُ                أقبَلَ
- يُقبـِلَ<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">5. تـَفـَعَّلَ - يَتـَفـَعَّـلُ          
تـَحَدَّثَ - يَتـَحَدَّثُ<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">6. تـَفاعَلَ - يَتـَفاعَلُ         
تـَقابَلَ - يَتـَقابَلُ<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">7. إنفـَعَلَ - يَنفـَعِلُ            إنصَرَفَ - يَنصَرِفُ<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">8. إفتـَعَلَ- يَفتـَعِلُ             إعتـَمَدَ - يَعتـَمِدُ<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">9. إفعَلَّ - يَفعَلُّ                إحمَرَّ - يَحمَرُّ<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 18pt;">10. إستـَفعَلَ - يَستـَفعِلُ</span><span style="font-size: 18pt;">  </span><span style="font-size: 18pt;">  </span><span style="font-size: 18pt;">  </span><span style="font-size: 18pt;">إستـَخدَمَ – يَستـَخدِمُ</span></span></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Venice; font-size: 24pt;"> ! </span></b><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Venice; font-size: 24pt;">A Hundred and One Rules</span></b></div>
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The Present Tense of the Verb

The Present Tense of the Arabic verb requires that you prefix the subject marker and suffix the mood marker to the st...

The Plural Subject

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The Plural Subject

A Hundred and One Rules ! Mohammed Jiyad

The Singular Subject

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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Venice; font-size: 24pt;">A Hundred and One Rules !</span></b></div>
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<b style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Mohammed Jiyad</span></b></div>
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The Singular Subject

A Hundred and One Rules ! Mohammed Jiyad

The Conjunction "But"

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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">The Conjunction</b><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"> </span><span dir="RTL" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="RTL" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.5pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> لکنَّ</span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.5pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">is usually
followed by a noun or a pronoun suffix in the accusative case. On the other
hand, </span><span dir="RTL" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="RTL" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.5pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> لکن</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.5pt;">ْ</span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.5pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">tolerates
the use of verbs after it. Both are used to make compound sentences and mean
"but."</span></li>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">لا أحبُّ القهوةَ </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">لکن</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ْ</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"> أحِبُّ الحليبَ.</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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I don’t like coffee but I like milk.<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">البرنامجُ جميلٌ لکنـَّهُ طويلٌ.</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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The program is beautiful but it is long.<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Venice; font-size: 24pt;">A Hundred and One Rules !</span></b></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"></span></div>
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<b style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Mohammed Jiyad</span></b></div>
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The Conjunction "But"

The Conjunction لکنَّ is usually followed by a noun or a pronoun suffix in the accusative case. On the other ...

Non-human Plurals

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<li><b>Non-human Plurals</b> are treated as feminine singular in terms</li>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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of adjective, pronoun, and
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">السيَّاراتُ جديدةٌ. هي جميلة ٌ أيضاً.</span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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The cars are new. They are pretty, too.<o:p></o:p><br />
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<li><b style="text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5pt;">Multiples of 10 do not show gender
distinction. </b><span style="text-align: left; text-indent: -0.5pt;">Consider the following sentence:</span></li>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">کتبتُ عشرينَ رسالة ً وقرأتُ عشرينَ کتاباً.</span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'New York', serif;">I wrote twenty letters
and I read twenty books</span><br />
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Venice; font-size: 24pt;">A Hundred and One Rules !</span></b></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"></span></div>
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<div style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Nyala; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: auto; text-align: -webkit-center; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;">
<div style="margin: 0px;">
<b style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Mohammed Jiyad</span></b></div>
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Non-human Plurals

Non-human Plurals are treated as feminine singular in terms of adjective, pronoun, and subject-verb agreement. ال...

The Phonological Environment for Form VIII Verb.

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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b>The Phonological Environment for Form VIII Verb. </b>The</li>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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Characteristic feature of Form VIII
is the reflexive affix  / <span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> ـتـَ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span>/ which is inserted after the first
radical of the root. That / <span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> ـتـَ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span>/ will create the environment for a
phonological rule of assimilation that applies itself if the first radical is a
dental stop or fricative. The result is that the inserted / <span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> ـتـَ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span>/
is assimilated. Involved here are the following consonants:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"><br /></span>
<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">ت ث د ذ ز ص
ض ط ظ</span></div>
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      Compare the following examples:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">             </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>(a)
a fully pronounced  / <span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> ـتـَ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span>/                <span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>                        </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>             <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">جَمَعَ    
إجتَمَعَ<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">             </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>(b)
a fully assimilated<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> / <span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> ـتـَ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span>/ <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">زادَ - إزدادَ   
،  دَعا - إدَّعی</span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Luckily, Arabic does not have many
verbs of this type. However, you need to remember the three following related
phonological rules:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">             </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>(1). </b>After the emphatic consonants  <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ص ض ط</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span>the inserted / <span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> ـتـَ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span>/ becomes <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"> </span>emphatic
<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ط</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>,<span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"> </span>as in  <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">صَدَمَ - إصطدَمَ</span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span dir="RTL"></span><br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in;">
<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">             </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>(2). </b>After the fricatives<span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ت ظ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span>there is a complete assimilation and the<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">  </span>resultant
double consonant is written with Shadda, as in<br />
<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>   ظَلـَمَ –
إظـَّلـَمَ    </span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">                          </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><b><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>(3). </b>If the first radical of the verb is <span style="font-size: 18.0pt;">(</span> <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">و</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>)
</span>as in  <span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> وَصَلَ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
, the <span style="font-size: 18.0pt;">(</span> <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">و</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>)
</span>will be completely
assimilated by the inserted  / <span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> ـتـَ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span>/, and thus the use of the Shadda<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">  </span>would
be required. Consider the following example:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">وَصَلَ – إتـَّصَلَ</span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><br /></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Venice; font-size: 24pt;">A Hundred and One Rules !</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br />
<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"></span></div>
<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"></span><br />
<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"></span><br />
<div>
<b style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Mohammed Jiyad</span></b></div>
<div>
<b style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
</div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><br /></span></div>
</div>

The Phonological Environment for Form VIII Verb.

The Phonological Environment for Form VIII Verb. The Characteristic feature of Form VIII is the re...

The Verb Form Numbers

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<b><br /></b></div>
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">The Verb Form Numbers </b><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">system is quite
old, going back to the earliest European Arabic grammars such as that of
Guillaume Postal, Paris, ca. 1538 and Pedro de Alcala' ca. 1613. Their order of</span><span dir="RTL" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="RTL" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="RTL" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.5pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">numbering is the same as that which
we are familiar with today. Another grammar was published in </span><st1:city style="text-indent: -0.5pt;" w:st="on">Rome</st1:city><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"> ca. 1622 which uses the numbering system
but has forms II and IV switched. Erpenius' grammar was only superseded in 1810
by the grammar of De Sacy, who used the same system which has been in vogue
ever since. Incidentally, the numbering system was also used in older grammars
of Hebrew, but seems to have fallen out of usage.</span></li>
</ul>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: -4.0pt; margin-right: .25in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5pt;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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</div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">      </span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">The system, an extremely useful mnemonic
device is not entirely unrelated to the traditional work of </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">صَرف</span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"></span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">,
for it follows the order of </span><span dir="RTL" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"></span><span dir="RTL" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> المجرَّد</span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"></span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">
and </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">المزيد </span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"></span><span lang="FA" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"></span><span dir="RTL" style="text-indent: -0.25in;"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> .</span><span style="text-indent: -0.25in;">The
use of numbering, however, is the Latin, European innovation which might have
been a claque on some aspect of the study of Latin grammar. At the very least,
it is well known that Latin grammar traditionally numbers the different classes
of conjugation. De Sacy is careful to make clear in his presentation the verb
forms that they fall into groups of</span></li>
</ul>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
<br />
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<b><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">المزيد بحرف ، المزيد بحرفين، المزيد بثبلثةِ حُروف</span></b><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><br /></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><br /></span></div>
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Most verbs in
Arabic can be classified into ten forms. These forms are:<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>1.
فَعَلَ     دَرَسَ                     6. تَفاعَلَ      تَراسَلَ<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><b>2. فَعَّلَ    دَرَّسَ                      7. إنفَعَلَ       إنقَلـَبَ<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><b>3. فاعَلَ   شاهَدَ                      8. إفتَعَلَ       إرتَفَعَ<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><b>4. أفعَلَ    أقبَلَ                       9. إفعَلَّ        إحمَرَّ<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><b>5. تَفَعَّلَ    تَحَدَّثَ                    10. إستَفعَلَ  إستَخدَمَ<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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Furthermore, each transitive
pattern has an automatic passive counterpart where the stem short vowel Ftha
and Kasra are replaced by Dhamma and Kasra.<span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i>To learn more about these forms, please check the computer program
ARAFORM. You will find it and other programs at the following website:<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<b>                   www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/mjiyad/<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Venice; font-size: 24pt;">A Hundred and One Rules !</span></b></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"></span></div>
<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"></span><br />
<div>
<b style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Mohammed Jiyad</span></b></div>
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</div>

The Verb Form Numbers

The Verb Form Numbers system is quite old, going back to the earliest European Arabic grammars such ...

3-Letter Root Form

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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">The</b><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"> </span><b style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">Roots.</b><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"> Most Arabic words can be attributed to some 3-letter root,
where radicals are referred to by means of a prototypical root, </span><span dir="RTL" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="RTL" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.5pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> <b>فَعَلَ</b></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">.
</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.5pt;"><b>ف</b></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.5pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">stands for the first radical, </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.5pt;"><b>ع</b></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.5pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">for the second, and </span><b><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.5pt;">ل</span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.5pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></b><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">for the third. This 3-letter root
form is the entry you need to use when you want to check out any word in any
Arabic dictionary. You should know by now how to dissect words in order to get
to that root. Mainly, you need to drop off any gender and number markers of the
noun/adjective. In case of the verbs, you need to drop off any subject, tense,
and mood markers.</span></li>
</ul>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Venice; font-size: 24pt;">A Hundred and One Rules !</span></b></div>
<div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"></span></div>
<div>
<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"></span></div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-center;">
<b style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Mohammed Jiyad</span></b></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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3-Letter Root Form

The Roots. Most Arabic words can be attributed to some 3-letter root, where radicals are referred to by means of a prototypica...

Feminine Sound Plurals

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<li><b>Feminine Sound Plurals</b> take the genitive marker for the accusative
case.</li>
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                                                                                                                             <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;">شاهدنا الطالباتِ في مَکتبِ البريدِ.</span><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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We saw the students (f) at the post office.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Venice; font-size: 24pt;">A Hundred and One Rules !</span></b></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"></span></div>
<div>
<b style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Mohammed Jiyad</span></b></div>
</div>
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Feminine Sound Plurals

Feminine Sound Plurals take the genitive marker for the accusative case. ...

Object Pronouns of Prepositions

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<ul>
<li><b>Object Pronouns of Prepositions.</b> The object pronouns for transitive
verbs are the same for the intransitive verbs which take prepositions. An
exception to this is the object pronoun for the first person, <span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>  </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt;">أنا </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>,
which becomes <span style="font-size: 18pt;">(</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt;">ي</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>)
</span>for some prepositions.</li>
</ul>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ذهَبَت</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ْ</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"> معي إلی السوق ِ.</span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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She went with me to the market. <o:p></o:p></div>
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      Please remember that the object pronouns in
such linguistic environment are attached to prepositions, <b>not the verbs</b>.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;">         </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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      The list of verb and preposition object
pronouns suffixes includes the following:</div>
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<span style="font-family: Chicago;">   <u>Object </u>    <u>Subject</u>    <u>Independent</u></span><u><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Chicago; mso-hansi-font-family: Chicago;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>1. أنا      </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Chicago; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Chicago;">  </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Chicago; mso-hansi-font-family: Chicago;">    ـتُ     
</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Chicago; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Chicago;"> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Chicago; mso-hansi-font-family: Chicago;">   ـني / (ي) </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>  <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>2. أنتَ     </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">   </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">  ـتَ      
</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">  ـ</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ك</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">َ<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">3. إنتِ    </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">   </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">   ـتِ      
</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">  ـ</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ك</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ِ<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">4. هو     </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">  </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">   -َ        </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">   ـهُ<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">5. هي     </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">   </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">   ـت</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ْ</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">       </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">  ـها</span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>6. نحن          ـنا           ـنا<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">7. أنتم           ـتُم          ـکُم<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">8. أنتُنَّ          ـتُنَّ          ـکُنَّ<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">9. هُم           ـوا           ـهُم<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">10. هُنَّ        ـنَ            ـهُنَّ<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<ul>
<li><b>Prepositions</b> which end with Alif MaQsura, <span style="font-size: 18pt;">(</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt;">ی</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>)</span> will reclaim their original (<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt;">ي</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> ) form when any object pronoun is attached
to them. Check the following example:</li>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">سَلـَّمَ عليها عندما شاهدَها في مَحطةِ القطاراتِ.</span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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He greeted her when he saw her at the train station.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Venice; font-size: 24pt;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Venice; font-size: 24pt;">A Hundred and One Rules !</span></b></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"></span></div>
<div style="text-align: -webkit-center;">
<b style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Mohammed Jiyad</span></b></div>
</div>

Object Pronouns of Prepositions

Object Pronouns of Prepositions. The object pronouns for transitive verbs are the same for the intransitiv...

Verb Object Pronouns

Verb Object Pronouns

Verb Object Pronouns. We mentioned earlier that object pronouns are suffixed to the transitive verbs. شاهد...

The question word -"Which"

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<li><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><b><span style="font-size: large;">أيَّـة ُ / أيُّ</span></b></span><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span style="font-size: 18pt;">both mean<b> “which” </b>(as a question word). The first is used for masculine while the second is used for feminine. The noun which follows either one of them has to be in the genitive case. The implication is that the two nouns create Idaafa. Please notice that </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt;">أيَّـة ُ / أيُّ</span><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span style="font-size: 18pt;">carry the vowel of the original case of the noun you ask about.</span></li>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">أيَّـة ُ مَجلـَّةٍ هذهِ؟</span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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a. Which magazine <b>(subject-nominative)</b> is this?<br />
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">أيَّ طالبٍ شاهدتِ؟</span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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b. Which student (m) <b>(object-accusative)</b> did you (f) see?<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">إلی أيـَّةِ مدينةٍ سافرتَ؟</span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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c. To which city <b>(object of a prep.-genitive)</b> did you travel?<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Venice; font-size: 24pt;">A Hundred and One Rules !</span></b></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: -webkit-center; text-indent: 0px;">
<b style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt;">Mohammed Jiyad</span></b></div>
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</div>

The question word -"Which"

أيَّـة ُ / أيُّ both mean “which” (as a question word). The first is used for masculine whi...