Learn Arabic Amman

Lessons on Tajweed - Session 2 - Rules of Meem Sakin and Rules of Qalqala - by Shaykh Hosaam

Lessons on Tajweed - Session 2 - Rules of Meem Sakin and Rules of Qalqala - by Shaykh Hosaam

Lessons on Tajweed - Session 2 - Rules of Meem Sakin and Rules of Qalqala - by Shaykh Hosaam https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Xq3ZQRkKTk

VIDEO Lessons on Tajweed - Session 1 - Introduction with Table of Contents - by Shaykh Hosaam

Lessons on Tajweed - Session 1 - Introduction with Table of Contents - by Shaykh Hosaam https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VhGnYezXUd4

Alphabet.

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<span style="color: blue;"> <b><i>1. The Arabic Alphabet.</i></b></span><br />
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      The
Arabic sources, as long as they do not attribute the invention of the Arabic
script to Adam or Ishmael, tell us that the script had been introduced either
from <st1:place w:st="on">South Arabia</st1:place> region or from <st1:place w:st="on">Mesopotamia</st1:place> (<st1:country-region w:st="on">Iraq</st1:country-region>). Ibn Al-Nadim, for example,
said that the people of Al-Hira, the capital of the Lakhmid dynasty in the <st1:place w:st="on">Euphrates</st1:place> valley, used a form of Syriac cursive script
which had developed into the Arabic alphabet.<o:p></o:p></div>
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            Versteegh claims that the theory of
Syriac origin has now been abandoned by most scholars. It seems much more
likely to him that the Arabic alphabet is derived from a type of cursive
Nabataean in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:city w:st="on">Petra</st1:city>, <st1:country-region w:st="on">Jordan</st1:country-region></st1:place>. In the Aramaic script, from
which Nabataean writing ultimately derived, there are no ligatures between
letters. But in the cursive forms of the Nabataean script most of the features
that characterize the Arabic script already appear. Versteegh adds that the
elaboration of an Arabic script for texts in Arabic took place as early as the
second century CE. This would mean that the development of the Arabic script as
it is used in pre-Islamic inscriptions occurred largely independently from the
later developments in Nabataean epigraphic script. The most important internal
development in Arabic script is the systematic elaboration of connections
between letters within the word, and the system of different forms of the
letters according to their position within the word. <o:p></o:p></div>
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            According to Siibawayh, the Arabic
Alphabet is made of 29 letters, including 3 long vowels. He put them in the
following order starting with the laryngeal and ending with<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> </span>labial, representing the place of
articulation along the vocal tract.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="color: blue; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white;"><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ء، ا، هـ ، ع ، ح ، غ ،
خ ، </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ك</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"> ، ق ، ض،<o:p></o:p></span></b></span><br />
<span style="color: blue; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white;"><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="color: blue; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 18pt;"><b style="background-color: white;">ج ، ش ، ي ، ل ، ر ، ن
، ط ، د ، ت ، ص ،<o:p></o:p></b></span><br />
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b style="background-color: white;">ز ، س ، ظ ، ذ ، ث ، ف
، ب ، م ، و </b></span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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            Though
Siibawayh listed 29 letters he concluded that in reality there were 35 sounds
which are represented by those 29 letters. He explained that the recitation of
the <span style="background-color: yellow;">Quran</span> and reading of poetry had necessitated the existance of those 6
additional sounds. The list included </div>
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<i><u><b><br /></b></u></i></div>
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<i><u><b>the 'light Nuun</b></u></i>' <span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> <span style="background-color: cyan;">النون الخفيفة</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>,
<u><b><i>the 'medial Hamza</i>'</b></u> <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="background-color: cyan; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt;">الهمزة التي بين  بين</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>, </div>
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<u><b><i><br /></i></b></u></div>
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<u><b><i>'Alif</i> </b></u><i><b><u>al-'Imaala</u></b></i><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="background-color: cyan;">
الالف التي تُمال إمالة شديدة</span> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>,<u><i><b>'the J-sounded Shiin</b></i></u> <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span style="background-color: cyan;">الشين التي کالجيم</span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>, </div>
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<u><i><b>the Z-sounded emphatic S'</b></i></u> <span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="background-color: cyan; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> الصاد التي تکون کالزاي</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>, <u><i><b>'</b></i></u></div>
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<u><i><b>the velarized
'Alif' </b></i></u><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span style="background-color: cyan;">ألف التفخيم</span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>  in the language of Hijaaz in words like,<span style="background-color: white;">  </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span style="background-color: cyan;">الحياة والصلاة والزکاة</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">            </span>Siibawayh
went on to say that he could trace 42 sounds but the additional 7 sounds were
not favorable in the recitation of the<span style="background-color: yellow;"> Quran</span> and reading of poetry. Therefore,
they were of less significance since their use is only limited to oral
communication.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span></div>
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Al-Khalil
Ibn Ahmed, who died in 791, grouped and put them in the following order:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; color: blue;"><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ع ح هـ خ غ ، ق </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ك</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"> ، ج</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">
</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ش</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">
</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ض ، ص</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">
</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">س</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">
</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ز ، ط د ت ، ظ ث ذ ، ر
د ن ، ف ب م ، و ا ي ء</span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
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            The
codification of the <span style="background-color: yellow;">Qur'an</span> was a crucial moment in the development of a written
standard for the Arabic language. On a practical level, the writing-down of the
holy text involved all kinds of decisions concerning the orthography of the
Arabic script and elaboration of a number of conventions to make writing less
ambiguous and more manageable than it had been in pre-Islamic <st1:place w:st="on">Arabia</st1:place>.
<o:p></o:p></div>
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            Writing was
not unknown in the peninsula in that period. But, for religious reasons, early
Islamic sources emphasized the illiteracy of the <i>Prophet Mohammed</i>. <i>The Prophet</i>
was <span style="background-color: yellow;"><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">أُميّ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>,</span>
someone who could not read nor write, and this was what made the revelation of
the <span style="background-color: yellow;">Qur'an</span> and his recitation of the text a miracle.<o:p></o:p></div>
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            There are
clear indications that as early as the sixth century writing was fairly common
in the urban centers of the peninsula, in Mekka and to a lesser degree in <st1:city w:st="on">Medina</st1:city>. In the commercial
society that was Mekka, businessmen must have had at their disposal various
means of recording their transactions. There are references to treaties being
written down and preserved in the Ka'ba in Mekka. Even the  <span style="background-color: yellow;"><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">الرواة</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> ,</span> the transmitters of poetry, sometimes relied on written
notes, although they recited the poems entrusted to them<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> </span>orally. In the Qur'an, we find
reflection of a society in which writing for commercial purposes was well
established. In the second sura we find, for instance, detailed stipulations on
the settlement of debts that include the exact writing-down of the terms.<o:p></o:p></div>
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            In the
biography of the <i>Prophet,</i> there are many references to his using scribes for
his correspondence with Arab tribes and of writing treaties. In the accounts
preserved by the historians, scribes and witnesses were mentioned and the
<i>Prophet</i> signed those documents with his fingernail. Tradition has preserved the
names of several scribes to whom Mohammed dictated messages, chief among them
being Zayd Ibn Thabit.<o:p></o:p></div>
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            Just as
Christian monks of the Middle Ages spent lifetimes writing and illuminating
religious manuscripts, their Arab and Muslim forebears contemporaries devoted
their lives to producing elegantly handwritten copies of the Quran. In lieu of
pictorial representation, which was frowned upon, calligraphy became not<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> </span>only practical, but decorative,
replacing design, painting and sculpture over a period of centuries. Later
every caliph's court employed these artists to draw up official documents,
design official signatures and write out diplomatic correspondence.<o:p></o:p></div>
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            The Arabs
and Muslims of that time used interlaced geometric lines derivations from the
Kufic style to adorn the walls of palaces and mosques, and the name of this
style, arabesque, is a reminder of its cultural origins. Arabic calligraphy
forms a primary<o:p></o:p></div>
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ornamentation of the Moorish <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:placetype w:st="on">palace</st1:placetype> of <st1:placename w:st="on">Alhambra</st1:placename></st1:place>
in <st1:city w:st="on">Granada</st1:city>,
other citadels and mosques of Moorish Spain speak eloquently of the golden ages
of arabesque design and calligraphy.</div>
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            The tracery
and flowing patterns of the arabesque style, of calligraphy itself, imply a
deeper, symbolic meaning stemming from ancient mystic beliefs. The designs
endlessly reproducing themselves in apparently confused entanglements, but in reality
flowing an ingenious system, are interpreted as symbolic of the order of nature
which in perpetual change always repeats its cycles. The meanders are said to
represent the continuity of life, the circle is held to stand for eternity and
the rosettes and palmettos of design for birth and maturity.<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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            Calligraphers
today play an integral role in the Arab and Muslim Worlds. They not only copy
Quranic verses and design phrases to be incorporated into building tiles and
mosques , but they write nearly all newspaper and magazine headlines. Modern
Arabic lends itself to the art, with its fluid design and diacritical markings.<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<b style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Venice; font-size: 24pt;"><span style="color: blue;">                       A Hundred and One Rules !</span></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Palatino","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Venice; font-size: 24pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; color: black; font-family: Nyala; font-size: medium; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; margin-left: -4pt; orphans: auto; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 1; word-spacing: 0px;">
<div style="margin: 0px; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: blue;"><b style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Venice; font-size: 24pt;">                              </span><span style="font-family: Venice;"> </span></b><b style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Palatino, serif;">Mohammed Jiyad</span></b></span></div>
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Alphabet.

1. The Arabic Alphabet. The Arabic sources, as long as they do not attribute the invention of the Arabic script ...

A Hundred And One Rules-Introduction2

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Versteegh  stated that
the early beginnings of grammar and lexicography began at a time when Bedouin
informants were still around and could be consulted. There can be no doubt that
the grammarians and lexicographers regarded the Bedouin as the true speakers of
the Arabic FuSHa, and continued to do so after the conquests. In the words of
Ibn Khalduun, the Bedouin spoke according to their linguistic intuitions and
did not need any grammarian to tell them how to use the declensional endings.
There are reports that it was fashionable among notable families to send their
sons into the desert, not only learn how to shoot and hunt, but also to
practice speaking pure Arabic. </div>
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The <span style="background-color: lime;">Prophet</span> <span style="background-color: lime;">Mohammed </span>was one of those when he
was a small boy. Other reports come from professional grammarians who stayed
for some time with a Bedouin tribe and studied their speech because it was
considered to be more correct than that of the towns and cities.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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             The Arabic linguistic references
tell us that the need for some "linguistic authority" came to exist
long before the time of Al-Khalil and Siibawayh. There is a vast amount of
anecdotes concerning the linguistic mistakes made by the non-Arabs who
converted to Islam. It is commonly believed that these anecdotes document a
state of confusion and corruption of the Classical language. According to many
resources, the Well-guided fourth Caliph, Ali Ibn 'Abi Taalib, the cousin and
son-in-law of the Prophet Mohammed, was the first to insist that something to
be done. One anecdote mentioned that Ali came to perform his pre-dawn prayer at
the Mosque of A-Kuufah. As he went in, he heard a non-Arab Muslim reading the
Quran and that man was assigning the end-words voweling incorrectly. The verse
in question was from FaaTir (Chapter #35. Verse # 28):<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">إنما يخشی اللهَ من
عبادهِ العلماءُ</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Those
truly fear Allah,<o:p></o:p></div>
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Among
His Servants<o:p></o:p></div>
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Who
have knowledge<o:p></o:p></div>
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            <o:p></o:p></div>
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            Apparently,
that man had the nominative case assigned to what supposed to be the direct
object<span style="background-color: cyan;"> <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">اللهَ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>,</span>
and the accusative case was assigned to the subject <span style="background-color: yellow;"><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">العلماءُ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>.</span> Because the end-word
voweling is the manifestation of Arabic language grammar, the meaning of that
verse was completely messed up. That same day Ali handed a note to Abu
Al-'Aswad Al-Du'ali which said that, "Speech is made of three elements;
nouns, verbs, and particles." Ali asked Al-Du'ali to expand on that
definition and write the first grammar rules for Arabic. In other words, Ali was asking for a
"linguistic authority" whose rules should be enforced.          </div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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            <o:p></o:p></div>
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            According
to some historians, Al-Du'ali at first hesitated but was later persuaded when
his own daughter made a terrible mistake in the use of the declensional
endings, by confusing the expressions:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="background-color: yellow; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt;">ما أَحسنُ السماءِ؟ /
ما أحسنَ السماءَ!</span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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      How
beautiful is the sky!/What is the most beautiful thing in the sky?<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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She was reported to have said:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="background-color: cyan; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt;">ما أحسنُ السماءَ؟ / ما
أحسنَ السماءِ!</span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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            The origin
of the "dot," notation of the three short vowels, and the Nunation is
ascribed to 'Abu Al-'Aswad, and the names of the vowels (<span style="background-color: yellow;">FatHa, Dhamma, Kasra)</span>
are connected to their articulations. From that we have the common expression, <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="background-color: cyan; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt;">ضعِ النقاط علی الحروف!</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>,
literally meaning "put the dots on the letters!, i.e., to "be more
clear/specific."Two other innovations attributed to 'Abu Al-'Aswad concern
the notation for hamza (glottal stop) and Shadda (consonant gemination). Both
signs are absent from the Nabataean script.<o:p></o:p></div>
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            The
framework of the Arab grammarians served exclusively for the analysis of Arabic
and therefore has a special relevance for the study of the language. From the
period between 750 and 1500 we know the names of more than 4000 grammarians who
elaborated a comprehensive body of knowledge on their own language.<o:p></o:p></div>
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            Most Arabic
grammars follow the order established by Siibawayh and start with syntax <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="background-color: yellow; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt;">ألنحو </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>,
followed by morphology <span style="background-color: cyan;"><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">التصريف </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>, </span>with<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> </span>phonology
added as an appendix. Phonology did not count as an independent discipline and
was therefore relegated to a position at the end of the treatise, although a
considerable body of phonetic knowledge was transmitted in introductions to
dictionaries and in treaties on recitation of the <span style="background-color: yellow;">Qur'an, <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">تجويد</span></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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            The
grammarians' main preoccupation was the explanation of the case endings of the
words in the sentence, called<span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="background-color: cyan; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt;">إعراب</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
, a term originally meant the correct use of Arabic according to the language
of the Bedouins but came to mean declension.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Kees believes that the works
which appeared after Al-Khalil and Siibawayh only contributed either by
offering commentaries or further explanations. In this context, this
publication is nothing more than an account of the most common rules
non-speakers of Arabic will need to refer to in their quest for learning the
language. Yet, our additional aim is to offer some suggestions and ideas on how
to present these commonly used rules.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p> </o:p>These suggestions and ideas are
based on recent research in language proficiency learning and pedagogy.</div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Many
researchers agree that formal classroom instruction of certain grammatical
structures -that is, morphological inflections, function words, and syntactic
word order- can be beneficial to students. The rationale for teaching grammar
is multifaceted. First students are expected to be already literate and
therefore have established expectation concerning language instruction. Grammar
instruction can be beneficial because of the fact that it raises learners'
consciousness concerning the differences and similarities of L1 and L2. In this
respect, grammar instruction can be used as a "linguistic map," with
reference points of "rules of thumbs" to assist students as they
explore the "topography" of the new language.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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              However, we need to remember that
grammatical structures by themselves are rather useless. Like road signs,
grammatical structures take on meaning only if they are situated in a context
and in connected discourse. Furthermore, Krashen (1982) reminds us that
grammatical structures will become internalized only if the learners are placed
in a situation in which they need to use the structures for communicative
purposes. Consequently, an important role of the teacher is to create<o:p></o:p></div>
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learning situations in which the
students feel a need to master the grammar in order to comprehend and
communicate in the target language. A detailed pedagogy scheme on how to teach
and learn grammar is provided in a section that follows the presentation of the
rules.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<o:p>                                </o:p><b style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Venice; font-size: 24.0pt;"><span style="color: blue;">A Hundred and One Rules !</span></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Venice; font-size: 24.0pt;">                              </span><span style="font-family: Venice;"> </span></b><b style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Palatino, serif;">Mohammed Jiyad</span></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Palatino","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Venice; font-size: 24.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</div>

A Hundred And One Rules-Introduction2

Versteegh stated that the early beginnings of grammar and lexicography began at a time when Bedouin informants were stil...

A Hundred And One Rules-Introduction1

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<b><span style="font-family: Palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt;">A Short Reference  for Arabic Syntactic, Morphological & Phonological Rules for Novice & Intermediate Levels of Proficiency<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b>INTRODUCTION<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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            The <span style="background-color: yellow;">Arabic
language </span>developed through the early centuries in the <st1:place w:st="on">Arabian
 Peninsula</st1:place> in the era immediately preceding the appearance of
Islam, when it acquired the form in which it is known today. Arab poets of the
pre-Islamic period had developed a language of amazing richness and
flexibility. For the most part, their poetry was transmitted and preserved
orally. The <span style="background-color: yellow;">Arabic language </span>was then, as it is now, easily capable of creating
new words and terminology in order to adapt to the demand of new scientific and
artistic discoveries. As the new believers in the seventh century spread out
from the <st1:place w:st="on">Peninsula</st1:place> to create a vast empire,
first with its capital in <st1:city w:st="on">Damascus</st1:city>
and later in <st1:city w:st="on">Baghdad</st1:city>,
<span style="background-color: cyan;">Arabic</span> became the administrative language of vast section of the Mediterranean
world. It drew upon Byzantine and Persian terms and its own immense inner
resources of vocabulary and grammatical flexibility.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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            During the ninth and tenth centuries,
a great intellectual movement was underway in <st1:city w:st="on">Baghdad</st1:city>, in which many ancient scientific and
philosophical tracts were transposed from ancient languages, especially Greek,
into Arabic. Many were augmented by the new wisdom suggested by Arabic thinkers;
other text were simply preserved, until <st1:place w:st="on">Europe</st1:place>  reawakened by the explosion of learning
taking place in Arab Spain, saw its rebirth in the Renaissance. That is how
Arabic became by the eleventh century the principal reservoir of human
knowledge, including the repository for the accumulated wisdom of past ages,
supplanting previous cultural languages such as Greek and Latin.<o:p></o:p></div>
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            And it was the Arabic language alone
which united many peoples in the Arab Empire and the civilization which
flourished under it. For when we speak of the Arab civilization and its
achievements we do not necessarily mean that all its representative were Arab,
or that all were Muslims. It was the peculiar genius of Arab civilization that
it attracted and encompassed people of many races and creeds. Citizens of the
Arab Empire, they identified themselves with this civilization and it was the
<span style="background-color: cyan;">Arabic language</span>, with its great flexibility, that made them exponents of that
civilization.. Between the eighth and twelfth centuries, Arabic was as much the
universal language of culture, diplomacy, the sciences and philosophy as Latin
was to become in the later Middle Ages. Those who wanted to read Aristotle, use
medical terms, solve mathematical problems, or embark on any intellectual
discourse, had to know Arabic.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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              The first rules of Arabic language,
including its poetry metrical theory, and its syntax, morphology and phonology,
were written in <st1:country-region w:st="on">Iraq</st1:country-region>.
This task was conducted both in Al-Basrah under Al-Khalil Ibn Ahmed Al-Farahidy
and in Al-Kuufah under Abu al-Hasan Al-Kisaa'i. During the Middle Ages
Al-Khalil in his book <span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> <span style="background-color: cyan;">کتاب العين</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
and, his student, Siibawayh in <span style="background-color: cyan;"><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">الکتاب</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span></span>concluded that task. The first complete dictionary of the Arabic
language was composed by Al-Khalil, who had also been involved in the reform of
the Arabic script and who is generally acclaimed as the inventor of the Arabic
metrical theory. The professed aim of <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="background-color: cyan; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt;">کتاب العين</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> , which goes under
his name, was the inclusion of all Arabic roots. In the introduction, a sketch
is given of the phonetic structure of Arabic, and</div>
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<o:p> </o:p>the dictionary fully uses
available corpora of Arabic by including quotations from the <span style="background-color: cyan;">Qur'an</span> and from
the numerous pre-Islamic poems, which had both undergone a process of
codification and written transmission by the hands of the grammarians.</div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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              The early attempt to write the
Arabic grammar began as early as the time of the fourth Well-Guided Caliphs,
Ali Ibn Abi Taalib, when he commissioned a man named Abu Al-Aswad Al-Du'ali for
the task. In his book <span style="background-color: yellow; font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;">(</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">نزهة الالبا في طبقات
الادبا</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>) </span>Al-Anbari,
<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> <span style="background-color: yellow;">الانباري</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> reports the following
anecdote  . <o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;">دخلت علی امير المومنين
علي بن ابي طالب ( عليه السلام) فوجدت في يده </span><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;">رقعة، فقلت ما هذه يا
أمير المؤمنين؟ فقال: إنِّي تأملت کلام العرب فوجدته قد </span><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: cyan;"><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;">فسُد بمخالطة هذه
الحمراء –يعني الاعاجم- فأردت أن اضع شيئا يرجعون إليه،</span></span><span style="background-color: cyan; font-size: 18pt;"> ويعتمدون عليه. ثمَّ القی
إليَّ الرقعة وفيها مکتوب: ألکلام کله إسم وفعل وحرف. فالاسم ما أنبأ عن
المُسمَّی، والفعل ما أُنبیءَ به، والحرف ما افاد معنی. وقال لي:</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: cyan; font-family: Helvetica Neue, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;">إنحَ هذا النحو، واضف
إليه ما وقع إلي</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-size: 18pt;">ك</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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                        I came to The Leader of
the Believers, Ali Ibn Abi Talib, and found that he was holding a note in his
hand. I asked, "What is<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> </span>this, Oh Leader of the Faithful?" He said, "I
have been thinking of the language of the Arabs, and I came to find out that it
has been corrupted through contacts with these foreigners.Therefore, I have
decided to put something that they (the Arabs) refer to and rely on." Then
he gave me the note and on it he wrote: Speech is made of nouns, verbs and
particles. Nouns are names of things, verbs provide information, and particles
complete the meaning." Then he said to me, "Follow this approach and
add to it what comes to your mind."<span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;">            </span>Al-Du'ali
continued to say,<span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt;">وضعت بابي
العطف والنعت ثم بابي التعجب والاستفهام، إلی ان وصلت الی </span><span style="font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow;"><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">باب إنَّ
واخواتها، ما خلا لکنَّ. فلما عرضتها علی عليٍّ (عليه السلام) أمرني </span><span style="font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow;"><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">بضم لکنَّ إليها. وکنت کلما وضعت
بابا من ابواب النحو عرضتها عليه (رضي الله عنه) إلی ان حصلت ما فيه الکفاية. قال
ما أحسنَ هذا النحو الذي نحوته! </span><span style="font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: yellow;"><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">فلذل</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">ك</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"> سُميَّ
النحو.</span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">      </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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                              I wrote two
chapters on conjunctions and attributes then two chapters on exclamation and
interrogatives. Then I wrote about <span style="background-color: yellow;"><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt;">إنَّ واخواتها</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></span>and I<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -1.25in;"> </span><span style="text-align: center;">skipped </span><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; text-align: center;">لکنَّ</span><span dir="LTR" style="text-align: center;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-align: center;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-align: center;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-align: center;"></span></span><span style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">.</span> When I showed that
to him (Peace be upon him), he ordered me to add </span><span style="background-color: yellow;"><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; text-align: center;">لکنَّ</span><span dir="LTR" style="text-align: center;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-align: center;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-align: center;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-align: center;"></span></span><span style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: yellow;">.</span> Therefore, every
time I finish a chapter I showed it</span><span dir="RTL" style="text-align: center;"></span><span dir="RTL" style="text-align: center;"></span><span dir="RTL" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-align: center;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span style="text-align: center;">to him</span></div>
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                              (May God be
satisfied with him), until I covered what I thought to be enough. He said,
"How beautiful is the approach you have taken!" From there the
concept of grammar <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="background-color: yellow; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt;">النحو</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span>came to exist.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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            Following
Abu Al-Aswad Al-Du'ali came a group of grammarians that we know most of by
their names, not their works. The <span style="background-color: white;">list includes: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Ibn ‘AaSim<span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;">
‚</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">نصر بن عاصم </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;">, </span>Al-Mahry<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">عنبسة بن معدان المهري </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;">,</span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> </span>Al-Aqran<span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;">
</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt;">ميمون الاقرن</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;">, </span>Al-‘Adwaany <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">يحيی بن يعمر العدواني</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;">, </span>Al-Akhfash <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">الاخفش الاکبر</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;">, </span>Al-‘Araj<span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>, </span>Al-Hadhramy <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt;">عبد الله بن ابي اسحق الحضرمي</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;">, </span>Ibn Al-‘Alaa'<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">أبو عمرو بن العلاء </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>,
</span>Al-Thaqafy </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span style="background-color: white;">عيسی بن عمر الثقفي</span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>,
</span>who wrote two famous books,<span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="background-color: cyan; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt;">الإکمال</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span>and<span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="background-color: cyan; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt;">الجامع</span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">            Waafi
credited Al-Thaqafy </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt;">الثقفي</span><span style="background-color: white;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span></span><span lang="FA" style="background-color: white; font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
</span><span style="background-color: white;">for transferring the interest from Basrah to Kuufa, because he began his
work there, and Al-Khalil was his student. Among the other Kuufic grammarians
were Al-Tamiimy</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="background-color: white;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> أبو معاوية شيبان بن عبد الرحمن التميمي</span><span style="background-color: white;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span></span><span lang="FA" style="background-color: white; font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span style="background-color: white;">and
Al-Harraa' </span><span style="background-color: white;"><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">أبو مسلم معاذ الهراء</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></span><span style="background-color: white;">and
Al-Ru'aasy</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt;">أبو جعفر الرؤاسي</span><span style="background-color: white;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span></span><span lang="FA" style="background-color: white; font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span style="background-color: white;">who wrote</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">الفيصل)</span><span style="background-color: white;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>)</span><span style="background-color: white;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> .</span><span style="background-color: white;">If Siibawayh was considered the 'Imaam of grammar in
Basrah, the Kuufic version was Al-Kisaa'y <span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> أبو الحسن علي بن حمزة بن
فيروز الکسائي </span><span style="background-color: white;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span></span><span lang="FA" style="background-color: white; font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span style="background-color: white;">who studied under Al-Harraa' <span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="background-color: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> الهرَّاء</span><span style="background-color: white;">and Al-Ru'aasy</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span style="background-color: white;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>. الرؤاسي</span><span style="background-color: white;">Unfortunately, Al-Kisaa'y did not author any
major work in Arabic grammar. However, he became one of the best seven readers
of the</span> <span style="background-color: yellow;">Quran.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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            The
framework of the Arab grammarians served exclusively for the analysis of Arabic
and, therefore, has a special relevance for the study of the language. From the
period between 750 and 1500 we know the names of more than 4000 grammarians who
developed a truly comprehensive body of knowledge on their own language.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">            Siibawayh
was the first grammarian to give an account of the entire language in what was
probably the first publication in book form in Arabic prose. In his book,<span style="background-color: cyan;"><span style="font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;">زهر الآداب وثمر الألباب</span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span>,<span style="font-size: 18pt;"> </span>Al-Husary reported that Siibawayh used to have his
work reviewed by another grammarian of his time named Al-Akhfash Al-Saghiir who
said that, " Siibawayh showed me the grammar rules he came up with
thinking that I knew better than him. In fact, he has better knowledge than
me." Siibawayh's example set the trend for all subsequent generations of
grammarians, who believed </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">that their main task was to </span><span style="font-family: inherit; text-align: center;">provide an explanation for every single phenomenon in
Arabic. Consequently, they distinguished between what was transmitted and what
was theoretically possible in </span><span style="font-family: inherit;">language. In principle,
they accepted everything from reliable resources, which included the language
of the Qur'an, pre-Islamic poetry, and testimonies from trustworthy Bedouin
informants. After the period of the Islamic conquests, the sedentary population
of Mekka and Medina began to regard the free-roaming Bedouin, whose language
preserved the purity of the pre-Islamic times, as the ideal type of Arab, and
the term </span><span dir="RTL" style="font-family: inherit;"></span><span dir="RTL" style="font-family: inherit;"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="background-color: yellow; font-family: inherit;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> کلام العرب</span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: inherit;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: inherit;"></span></span><span lang="FA" style="background-color: white; font-family: inherit;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: white;">'Language of the Arabs' came to denote the pure,
unaffected </span>language of the Bedouins. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Venice; font-size: 24pt;">    A Hundred and One Rules !</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: -4pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt;">                                                Mohammed Jiyad</span></b></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -1.25in;"> </span><b><span style="font-family: Venice; font-size: 24.0pt;">                      </span></b></div>
</div>

A Hundred And One Rules-Introduction1

A Short Reference for Arabic Syntactic, Morphological & Phonological Rules for Novice & Intermediate...

16/03/2015

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16/03/2015

TAJWEED LESSONS

09/03/2015

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09/03/2015

TAJWEED LESSONS

02/03/2015

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02/03/2015

TAJWEED LESSONS