Learn Arabic Amman

18/05/2015

Helping Vowels

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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">Helping Vowels </b><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">replace the Zero Vowel
when the following word starts with Hamza. Therefore, an environment for using
a helping vowel will be created every time one uses a definite article. The
purpose of this Phonological Rule is to provide a smooth transition from one
word to the next. Generally speaking, this transition is governed by the
following rules.</span></li>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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   <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">   </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> a. If the proceeding vowel is FatHa the
helping vowel is Kasra. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"> </span>Is the book
new?                                  <span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>(هَل</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ْ</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"> ) هَل ِ الکتابُ جديدٌ؟</span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;">    </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">      </span>b.<span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"> </span>If the proceeding vowel is
Kasra, the helping vowel is FatHa. <o:p></o:p></div>
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This
pencil is from the office.     <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">مِنَ
المکتَبِ.  </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">هذا
القلمُ (مِنْ)</span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;">             </span> <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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      c. If the proceeding vowel is Dhamma, the
helping vowel is  Dhamma.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">لماذا
(</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">قابَلتـُم</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ْ</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">) قابَلتـُمُ
المديرَةَ؟</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">                                       </span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>                     </span>Why did you (m, pl)
meet the director (f)?<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Venice; font-size: 24pt;">A Hundred and One Rules !</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt;">                                                Mohammed Jiyad</span></b><br />
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Helping Vowels

Helping Vowels replace the Zero Vowel when the following word starts with Hamza. Therefore, an...

Verb-Subject Agreement

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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">Verb-Subject Agreement. </b><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">A verb that
proceeds its subject is marked by gender only. If it follows its subject it
should be marked by both number and gender.</span></li>
</ul>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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      <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">             </span>The
students (f) went to the dorm.<span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;">  </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ذهبتِ الطالباتُ الی السکن ِ. </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>  <span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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      <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">             </span>The
students (f) went to the dorm.<span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;">   </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">الطالباتُ ذهبنَ الی السکن ِ. </span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b>A</b> <b>Transitive Verb</b> (a) requires  an object; intransitive (b) does   not.</li>
</ul>
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<span dir="LTR"></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";">             </span>a.
I ate an apple.                            <span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family: "New York"; mso-hansi-font-family: "New York";"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>    </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>      <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">أکلتُ تُفاحة ً.</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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I went to the university.                    <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ذهبتُ إلی الجامعةِ.</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><o:p></o:p><br />
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Venice; font-size: 24pt;">A Hundred and One Rules !</span></b></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"></span><br /></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"></span><br /></div>
<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"></span><br />
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt;">                                                Mohammed Jiyad</span></b><br />
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Verb-Subject Agreement

Verb-Subject Agreement. A verb that proceeds its subject is marked by gender only. If it follows its sub...

Subject Markers

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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b>The Subject markers</b> for verbs in the
past tense are suffixed to the verb stem in order to demonstrate subject/verb
agreement.</li>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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      They are:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">هو (-َ) ، هي (ـَت</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ْ</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">) ، أنتَ  (ـ</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ْ</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">تَ)  ، أنتِ (ـْتِ) ، أنا (ـْتُ)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">هُم  (ـوا) ، هنَّ (-</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ْ</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">نَ) ، أنتم (ـ</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ْ</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">تُم) ، أنتُنَّ (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ـْ</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ـتُنَّ) ، نحنُ (</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-bidi-language: AR-IQ; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ـْ</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ـنا)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b> The Different Forms of</b> 
<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ليسَ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>
. When subject pronouns are attached to <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">ليسَ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>, it will take the following forms:</li>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">أنا    لستُ              نحنُ    لسنا<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">أنتَ  لستَ              أنتم     لستُم<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">أنتِ  لستِ              أنتُنَّ  
 لستُنَّ<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;">هو   ليسَ             </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"> هم   </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;">  ليسوا<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"> هي  ليسَت</span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-IQ" style="font-size: 18pt;">ْ</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;">          </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"> هُنَّ  </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"> </span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;">  لسنَ  </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-size: 18pt;"><br /></span></span>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Venice; font-size: 24pt;">A Hundred and One Rules !</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt;">                                                Mohammed Jiyad</span></b></div>
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Subject Markers

The Subject markers for verbs in the past tense are suffixed to the verb stem in order to demonstrate subject/verb agree...

Interrogative Particles

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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><b style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"> Interrogative Particles. </b><span dir="RTL" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="RTL" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.5pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> أ / هل</span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.5pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">are interrogative particles which
are used to introduce questions that may be answered with either Yes or No.</span></li>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">أ ؟هل هذا مکتبٌ؟    </span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="text-align: left;">Is this an office?</span><br />
<o:p></o:p></div>
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      There is some phonological restriction on
the use of <span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> أ</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span>when the following word starts with a Hamza, such as:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;"><br /></span>
<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">أأنتَ جديدٌ هنا؟          </span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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  <br />
  It is better, in fact easier phonetically,
to use <span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">هل</span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">هل أنتَ جديدٌ هنا؟         </span><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<li><b style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">Interrogative Particles </b><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.5pt;">أ / هل </span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.5pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><b style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"><span style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18.0pt;">(</span>revisited)</b><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">. The Arabic
language does not tolerate the use of </span><span dir="RTL" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="RTL" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.5pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> هل </span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span lang="FA" style="font-family: Naskh; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.5pt;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">with
any form of</span><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">  </span><span dir="RTL" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="RTL" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.5pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> ليسَ</span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="LTR" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">  </span><span style="text-indent: -0.5pt;">in order to make a question. You have to
stick with </span><span dir="RTL" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="RTL" style="text-indent: -0.5pt;"></span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; text-indent: -0.5pt;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span>.</span><span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; text-indent: -0.5pt;"> أ</span></li>
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<span dir="RTL" lang="FA" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Naskh; mso-hansi-font-family: Naskh;">أليسَ الطالبُ في المکتبةِ؟</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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Isn't the student (m) in the library? <o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Venice; font-size: 24pt;">A Hundred and One Rules !</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Palatino, serif; font-size: 14pt;">                                                Mohammed Jiyad</span></b></div>
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